On socialism :: essays research papers

Quod Apostolici Muneris (On Socialism): Reflection Synopsis of Content This article denounces communism as hostile to Christian way of thinking. From start to finish, its scornful tone and depiction of communism doesn't change. In the primary passage, it as of now upbraids communism as a dangerous plague crawling into society. Afterward, it closes with considering communism a stage into evil. Most worried about communism is denouncing of two things. To begin with, the Church (or so the article claims) was based on the disparity of men. Henceforth, communism makes mayhem since individuals will not comply with higher force. This, to the church’s eye, is risky in light of the fact that it devastates God’s common request. Also, communism allowing divorces isn't seen wonderfully by the Church. Separating, the article states, isn't allowed even in boorish individuals (remember the date at which this article was composed). In eyes of the Church at that point, communists are respected lower than even uncouth individuals are. Inquiries On the Article: 1) Why is it that communism is denounced in the Church’s eye since in Heaven, there should be any responsibility for? 2) Why is it that the congregation appears to advance the imbalance of men? Is that not opposing to the Bible expressing that all individuals are made in the picture of God. 3) What is the explanation that the Church denies separating? Target Conclusion It is obvious that communism is insidious according to the Church. The congregation accurately asserts that communism can't make the Utopia it guarantees. The vast majority in communist countries are distraught. As found in narratives of China and Russia under a socialist government, communism makes overbearing governments where regular folks are lethargic and unmotivated. Such isn't somebody wonderful in the Church’s eyes. Reflection/Subjective Reactions â€Å"Defile the tissue, disdain domain and curse majesty† (POPE LEO XIII, 1878, 1); â€Å"Quod Apostolici Muneris (On Socialism)’s judgment is decimating, and appear to be unfit for a social framework made to mimic paradise; presently, never again are the poor persecuted and social disparity tormenting its deplorable casualties. Through summoning language, â€Å"Quod Apostolici Muneris (On Socialism) stands out everything communism speaks to from God’s will. From God’s union with chapel and â€Å"natural law†, it denounces communism as â€Å"deadly plague that creeps into the very filaments of human† (POPE LEO XIII, 1878, 1). Shockingly, the introduced contentions deceive communism more than to uncover its indecencies. The language, however loaded with amazing words, holds void of proof to legitimize the case.

Different Style, Diffrent Register free essay sample

Does style impact register or register impact style? Language is a fascinating theme to examine. Fundamentally, Language is characterized as an arrangement of correspondence by sound, I. E. , through the organs of discourse and hearing, among people of certain gathering or network, utilizing vocal images having self-assertive traditional selfishly. [l] It implies individuals use language to impart and associate among them. Language can be concentrated inside or externally.Internal conversation of language includes the structure of language, for example, phonological, knave and syntactic structures. Outer conversation of language, then again, examines about the components outside of language which identify with Its clients, for example, sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics got from the words socio and phonetics, so sociolinguists Is a semantic field which manages language identify with social setting and social wonder. Its like what Hudson says in his book. He characterized sociolinguistics as the investigation of language according to society. 2] Then, Trudging said that Sociolinguistics is that piece of phonetics which is worried about language as a social and social marvel. [3] There are numerous points in sociolinguistics are fascinating to examine further. One of the fascinating subjects to talk about Is assortment of language. Hudson expresses that assortment of language Is characterized as a lot of etymology things with comparable social Based on the definition, register and style are assortments of language. Register is an assortment of language dependent on the utilization. Style, in actuality, is an assortment of language dependent on the formality.Since two assortments are diverse based, it drives disarray that both impact one another. Moreover, in mother references, the term register is consistently connected at the hip with the term style. Consequently, this exposition will attempt to unravel the disarray between the two assortments, In an endeavor to address the topic of registers Influence style or style Influence Despite this clear effortlessness of this inquiry, It Is really a register. Significant measure of data to integrate before reaching resolution. The primary thing to know is the idea of Register.Then, I attempt to clarify the idea of Style lastly attempt to see the connection among's register and style whether they impact one another or not. The principal thing to talk about is the idea of register. The term Register is broadly utilized In sociolinguistics to allude to Varlets of language as per use. [5] This assortment of language identifies with certain utilization or capacity. Another definition referenced by Holmes is that register alludes to the language of gatherings of individuals with regular interests or Jobs, or the language utilized in circumstance related with such gathering. 6] Moreover, Hardware expresses that registers are sets of jargon things related with discrete word related or social gatherings. [7] From the wow definitions, unmistakably register alludes to jargon which manages Job. Specialists, Lorene pilots, Journalists, software engineers and lawbreakers will in general have and syntactic developments. One model referenced by Holmes in her book the language utilized by individuals who depict a game which can be recognized effectively from language utilized in different settings particularly in the vocabulary.In cricket, individuals portray positions by utilizing terms like senseless mid on, square leg, the spreads and chasm and depict conveyances by utilizi ng terms like off-break, googol and leg break. [8] There are a few reasons for utilizing registers. Earthy colored states Registers at times empower individuals to relate to a specific gathering and to look after solidarity. [9] The utilization of registers is to show bunches character, for instance associates talk by utilizing clinical terms, they should be laborers in clinical field, for example, specialists, medical attendants, or birthing specialists. Additionally, he says register is likewise at times connected with social class differentiation. 10] This implies registers can recognize ones social class, for instance instructed individuals will have various registers from uneducated individuals and rich individuals will likewise have various registers from needy individuals. The idea of register presents the interface between the utilization of explicit code and a specific arrangement of situational factors. One method of pinpointing a register is to distinguish an open occasion along the measurements. [11] Holiday recognizes three general kinds of measurement: field, mode and tenor. 12] The three measurements will be talks about point by point. The primary purpose of measurements is field. Field is social setting and motivation behind the collaboration. [13] Moreover, Hudson expressed field is worried about the reason and topic the correspondence. [14] From the wow assessments, obviously field manages the reason for connection. On account of a scholastic article in an expert Journal, for instance, the field ought to be the topic of the article, and the reason in distributing it is spread the contention and thoughts among scholarly partners. 1 5] The subsequent point is tenor. Tenor relies upon the relations between members. [16] likewise, Stockpile referenced that tenor alludes to the connection between the members in the occasion. [17] For instance, when an understudy is talking too instructor, a guilty party also cop, an office specialist to an unrivaled, or a parent to a newborn child (infant talk). Here register is commonly a marker of convention or closeness. The last measurement is mode. Mode alludes to the vehicle of correspondence (e. G. Spoken, composed or messaged). 18] a similar supposition is additionally expressed by Hudson. He expressed that mode alludes to the methods by which correspondence happens quite, by discourse or composing. [19] It is certain that mode identifies with mode of cooperation. For instance, a scholastic article is in the composed mode. Changing this to the verbally expressed mode would change the sister from an article to a discourse, and there would be comparing and contrasts in the etymologist; the sentences are shorter and word decision is less formal and maybe less specialized. 20] The three measurements work close by and just when cooperating would they be able to guarantee fittingness of circumstance. At the end of the day, register is an assortment of language that a language client thinks about suitable to a particular circumstance. [21] The idea of style is the subsequent thing to talk about. The term style is anything but a social or provincial vernacular, yet an assortment of language utilized for a particular reason. Styles change impressively inside a solitary language clients tongue. At the point when you speak casually with a companion, you utilize unexpected style in comparison to you use in a meeting for a Job with a forthcoming business. 22] Moreover, Holmes style is an assortment of language dependent on the convention. At the point when individuals talk, they can talk officially or casually. Stately events constantly require formal discourse, open instructors to some degree less formal, easygoing discussion very casual, and discussion between underwear on issues of little significance might be incredibly casual and easygoing. 24] That implies the convention relies upon circumstance. Joss as cited by Brown depicted five degrees of convention. 1 .An expressive style is utilized out in the open talking before a huge crowd; wording is painstakingly arranged ahead of time, pitch is fairly overstated, and various expository gadgets are proper. 2. A deliberative style is additionally utilized in tending to crowd, for the most part crowds too enormous to even think about permitting compelling trade among speakers and listeners, in spite of the fact that the structures are typically not as cleaned as those in a persuasive style. An average college study hall address is regularly completed n a conscious style. 3. A consultative style is commonly discourse, however formal enough that words are picked with some care.Business exchange, specialist persistent discussion, and so forth are typically consultative in nature. 4. Easygoing discussions are between companions or associates or here and there individuals from a family; in this setting words need not be monitored and social hindrances are reasonably low. 5. A private style is one described by complete nonattendance of social hindrances. Talk with family, adores one, and exceptionally dear companions, where the internal identity is uncovered, is ordinarily in a close style. 25] It is evident that in which condition individuals included decides the degree of custom or style of speaking.Furthermore, Holmes in her book disclosed a few interesting points identified with style, for example, the impact of recipient on the speakers language and the component of discourse style in a scope of setting. [26] with regards to the impact of recipient on the speakers language, Holmes expressed there are a few elements decide the style, for example, social separation or solidarity, age, and social foundation of recipient. Social separation alludes to how well you know somebody and how close you feel to them. 27] That implies increasingly close connection, progressively casual discussion you have with the addressee.The factor old enough arrangements with to whom you talk. Individuals talk distinctively to youngsters and to grown-ups however some modify their discourse style or oblige more than others. [28] That is evident that the age impacts the style of someones discourse. Individuals will talk progressively formal when they address more established individuals and, then again, they will talk increasingly casual when they address more youthful one. At the point when a dad converses with his child, for example, he will utilize basic scope of jargon and less mind boggling punctuation so the infant can comprehend his speech.The last factor social foundation of recipient identifies with the individuals you address. It depends on the social class of recipient, not the age. The instance of this factor was appeared by newsreaders on changed radio broadcasts in New Zealand. The news is the equivalent and the idea is indistinguishable aside from one factor the recipient. So a similar individual perusing the news on the center level station peruses in a particularly less formal than on the higher forehead radio broadcast. [29] Th

12 Legit Websites Where Writers Can Earn Money

12 Legit Websites Where Writers Can Earn Money They say if youre good at something, never do it for free. For writers, artists and editors, this is especially true. Oftentimes, freelancers of an artistic persuasion are expected to work for exposure or to volunteer their services for friends and families. While these opportunities can be important stepping stones toward a professional career, there comes a time when writers need to be paid for their expertise. I spend a lot of time writing about resources for writers, how much they cost, what they offer and whether they are worth it for authors and editors. Today I want to talk about a few websites where a writers investment in their abilities can (literally) begin to pay off.ServiceScapeLets get this one out of the way. I work for Servicescape, and its mostly excellent, at least as a supplementary income. The layout of the website is intuitive and clients come to the writer, rather than the author seeking them out. ServiceScape allows authors to set their own prices, and the amou nt of work they receive will be proportional to the quality of the service they provide as determined by the clients. Happy clients generate more clients, and consistently happy clients will produce a correlated increase in earning. Furthermore, credentials are confirmed by ServiceScape, so all of your writing and editing credentials, degrees or other certifications, can be displayed prominently. A university degree or an English as a second language teaching certificate will be a big draw for clients.UpworkUpwork is a reasonable competitor to ServiceScape, but uses a more common project structure where writers seek out assignments and apply to them individually, rather than being sought out by clients. It takes a long time working with Upwork before clients begin to seek out the author, and this means that Upwork requires time dedicated to hunting down jobs. It can be frustrating to spend time searching for work, rather than working. That being said, once the application process be comes familiar and streamlined, Upwork can offer more opportunities than most freelancing websites. Unlike sites like ServiceScape, where there is little room to approach new clients within the structure of the site, Upwork allows writers to invest time seeking out new projects. Authors who value money over time will find Upwork is a good investment.ClearVoiceClearVoice is similar to Upwork and to ServiceScape in many ways. Like ServiceScape, ClearVoice allows a freelancer to develop their online portfolio, set their own rates, and verify their credentials. Then, like Upwork, ClearVoice links freelancers with clients. Unlike Upwork however, which places the stress of finding clients on the shoulders of the freelancer, ClearVoice directs clients toward writers and editors who match their profile, and this results in less time spent seeking new clients, and more time spent writing, editing, and making money. Authors can pitch directly to clients, but wont have to rely solely on market ing themselves: theoretically ClearVoice is a happy medium between the ServiceScape and Upwork styles of matching clients to freelancers.UpworthyUpworthy deals with projects that address social justice and positive news, and if you have unpublished work on those topics, you could do worse than to pitch the article to Upworthy. Upworthy is unlike either ServiceScape or Upwork, which both support their authors and provide a variety of opportunities. Unlike Upwork and ServiceScape, Upworthy relies on pitches from authors, which only pay out if they are accepted. This is the norm for the industry, and ServiceScape and Upwork are (for the most part) the exceptions to the rule. For this reason, Upworthy is a better place to start publishing, or seek initial publishing credits. If your work is accepted, the payout will be around twenty-five cents a word. Rather than a consistent income, Upworthy is better considered a publishing opportunity.ListverseThe content on Listverse is exactly what you might imagine. Top-ten lists and other bite-sized content articles, a product of the clickbait Internet environment, are Listverses primary product. While far from the most prestigious use of ones talent for writing, Listverse pays. For each article the payout is $100 sent directly to your PayPal. The site doesnt require any credentials or special qualifications, but articles may not be accepted if they dont hold up to a certain standard, or if they are humorless or boring. The only other benefit to Listverse is the opportunity to plug a personal project â€" they allow writers to tie a Twitter handle, blog or author interview to their submitted article.GuidepostsGuideposts is a spiritual or inspirational online publisher. They seek out works of approximately 1,500 words, and they pay out a little over $100 for each accepted submission. Like Listverse and Upworthy, submission does not necessarily mean a payout is guaranteed, and in the case of Guideposts, the stories must be ins piring and trueâ€"this can be a hard niche to hit. The nice thing about the site is that they are very clear about what is required in a pitch, and following their formatting is likely to put you in a good position to see your work accepted.The New York Times (Modern Love)For a more prestigious example of paying work, freelancers can submit work to the New York Times Modern Love column. For these submissions, works should be 1,500-1,700 words, should cover a true story, and should be previously unpublished. Successful submissions usually offer a higher payout than similar sites, though the exact payout varies. Along with the income from each successful submission, applying to organizations such as The New York Times will help authors build a portfolio of published work, and develop professional connections which can be useful in expanding freelancing opportunities.SmithsonianThe Smithsonian has one of the highest payouts for submitted articles, ranging from $300-$500 for accepted pi eces. In this case, submissions must be from established freelance authors: you must be able to provide links to previously published works, with other reputable sites. This is where the publishing credits from The New York Times will come in handy. On top of this possibility to make a reasonable wage, the Smithsonian application process is streamlined and allows quick submissions via a well-designed web-app.ViceVice offers excellent opportunities for hard-hitting articles, but are perhaps the least likely of websites on this list to accept a submission. What Vice looks for is a modern voice, telling a previously untold and unpublished story. If the article is dull, or uninspired, it quickly hits the slush pile. Vices pay rates are varied, but they address all manner of topics: lifestyle, politics, and travel among them. The reward for the challenge of publishing with Vice is the writing credit that comes along with it, and the exposure that Vice articles tend to offer their authors .FreedomWithWritingFreedomWithWriting places emphasis on matching freelancers with paying clients. They offer $30-$100 for list articles, and $30-$150 for how-to articles, and other content. This is a huge variance, so writers submitting work here should be wary that they are paid the amount they deserve. In addition, FreedomWithWriting is one of the few websites that seeks novel-length submissions. Their query pages state that 10,000-word novels are usually valued at around $500, which can be an interesting opportunity for amateur novelists, or for a freelancer seeking a significant publishing credit.CosmopolitanCosmopolitan is an established and well-regarded magazine, and like Vice, is valuable because it helps freelancers produce a professional portfolio and develop industry connections. Like the Smithsonian, Cosmopolitan has a streamlined and professional web application, which makes submitting articles quick and painless. Though their website claims to accept previously publis hed material, it is unlikely that articles of that nature will be accepted under normal circumstances. Cosmopolitan pays about $100 for each submission and is currently seeking essays about experiences in college.The Take AwayIt is possible to make a living writing online, so long as freelancers leverage the skills which they have developed; and so long as they dont settle for low paying or unpaid gigs. The first three websites on this list are where aspiring freelancers should start, and where established freelancers should consider expanding. Upwork, ServiceScape and ClearVoice all offer extensive support for freelancers as they build a pool of clients.The other sites on this list will help further develop a professionals portfolio as they grow a curriculum vitae of satisfied customers. Publishing with established media giants such as The New York Times, Vice, Cosmopolitan, and the Smithsonian, is essential to a freelancer hoping to demonstrate their value. Finally, there are the in-between jobs. Listverse, Guideposts, and other websites with pay on demand are often useful for filling in gaps each month, or when clients are sparse.

The Crucible Characters Meet Reverend John Hale

In the midst of chaos, with accusations flying and emotional outbursts all around him, one character from Arthur Millers The Crucible remains calm. This is the Reverend John Hale, the idealistic witch hunter. Hale is the compassionate and logical minister who comes to Salem to investigate claims of witchcraft after young Betty Parris is struck with a mysterious illness. Though it is his specialty, Hale does not immediately call out any sorcery. Instead, he reminds the Puritans that protocol is better than rash conclusions. By the end of the play, Hale shows his compassion, and though it is too late to save those accused in the witch trials, he has become an endearing character to the audience. Hale is one of playwright Arthur Millers most memorable characters: He is a man who means well but was misguided by his fervent belief that witchcraft was rampant in the colonies. Who Is Reverend John Hale? A specialist in seeking out Satan’s disciples, Reverend Hale travels to New England towns wherever rumors of witchcraft are present. He might be thought of as a Puritan version of the FBI agents in the classic TV drama, â€Å"The X-Files.† Reverend Hale has some salient, and mostly sympathetic, characteristics: He is a young minister dedicated to vanquishing witchcraft, but he is also somewhat naive.He has a critical mind and strong intelligence, particularly in the study of his specialty.He is compassionate, calm, and willing to fully dissect any allegations of witchcraft prior to drawing definitive conclusions.He does not get caught up in the fervor of Salems witch hunts but keeps a level head.He approaches the witch problems with logic (or at least what he believes is scientific). At first, the audience might find him to be just as self-righteous as the plays villain Reverend Parris. However, Hale seeks out witches because, in his own misguided way, he wants to rid the world of evil. He speaks as though his methods are logical and scientific  when, in fact, he uses wives tales and mythology to root out so-called demons. Why Hales Devil Line Didnt Get Laughs One of the more interesting lines from the play is when Reverend Hale is speaking with Parris and the Putnams. They claim that witches are in Salem, but he contends that they should not jump to conclusions. He states, We cannot look to superstition in this. The Devil is precise.   Arthur Miller notes that this line never raised a laugh in any audience that has seen this play. Why did Miller expect Hales line to generate laughter? Because, to Miller, the concept of the Devil is inherently superstitious. Yet, to people such as Hale, and apparently many audience members, Satan is a very real being and therefore the joke about superstition fell flat. When Reverend Hale Sees the Truth Hales change of heart, however, stems from his intuition. Ultimately, in the climactic third act, Hale feels that John Proctor is telling the truth. The once-idealistic reverend openly denounces the court, but it is too late. The judges have already made their deadly ruling. Reverend Hale is heavy with guilt when the hangings take place, despite his prayers and impassioned protests.

Accounting Training Can Add Up to a Brighter Future for You 2019

In the financial world, accountants are extremely well paid. Keeping accounts is the most important function of every business also it is very important in every persons financial planning. Accounting is quite a profitable career. The positions for accounts person are many. A few of them are Auditor, Bookkeeper, Budget Analyst, Controller, Certified Public Accountant (CPA), Financial Analyst, Forensic Accountant, Payroll Administrator, and Tax Accountant. There are vast possibilities if accounting as a career option interests you. There is a traditional route or the regular college route. For individuals who have to look after the needs of their family and work through the day, there are a number of online options available. These are online accounting training schools which will help you achieve your dreams. You can enroll for an online accounting course and join the league of accounting professionals and earn your livelihood. If you happen to be an accounting professional and you want to get further trained, there are a number of choices available. Netwind.com is offering accounting training course on a CD. The course takes approximately four hours to complete. The course contents are: Finance Management, Fundamental Accounting, Concepts of Accounting, General Ledger, and Trial Balance. .u1cb4be139c064c6eb49df399701e0526 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u1cb4be139c064c6eb49df399701e0526:active, .u1cb4be139c064c6eb49df399701e0526:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u1cb4be139c064c6eb49df399701e0526 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u1cb4be139c064c6eb49df399701e0526 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u1cb4be139c064c6eb49df399701e0526 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u1cb4be139c064c6eb49df399701e0526:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Online Registered Nurse Program Work Internationally with a Bachelor of Science in NursingBusiness.com has online courses such as PASSonline: Accounting Education and Training. This company provides continuing professional courses and training in the areas of accounting, financial services and taxation. For an accounting professional it is imperative to be updated and thorough on all the latest technology (computer software, accounting practices, ideas, twists and turns). It happens to be one among the dynamic professions of the business world. There is no dearth of courses and training on accounting. They are available for every level of the profession. Search online and you will have a number of options available for you. It happens to be a gateway to better payment prospects. Your quality of life will definitely improve after obtaining advanced training in accounting and related subjects. Related ArticlesBuy and Sell Accounting BusinessesProficiency, Dexterity and Career in AccountingOnline Finance Degree and a Secure Financial FutureOnline Associate Degree in Business Using an Associates Degree to Work as an Accounting TechnicianFinancial Planning a Worthwhile CareerEarn an Accounting Degree Online .ud00c26bfbf30ee77ed18626fee702a12 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .ud00c26bfbf30ee77ed18626fee702a12:active, .ud00c26bfbf30ee77ed18626fee702a12:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .ud00c26bfbf30ee77ed18626fee702a12 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .ud00c26bfbf30ee77ed18626fee702a12 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .ud00c26bfbf30ee77ed18626fee702a12 .postTitle { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .ud00c26bfbf30ee77ed18626fee702a12:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Find Art and Humanities Online Degree Programs

Carrie Chapter Two Free Essays

string(33) " that makes women want to snarl\." ‘I’m sure she’ll be all right,’ she said. ‘Carrie only has to go over to Carlin Street. The fresh air will do her good. We will write a custom essay sample on Carrie Chapter Two or any similar topic only for you Order Now ’ Morton gave the girl the yellow slip. ‘You can go now, Cassie,’ he said magnanimously. ‘That’s not my name!’ she screamed suddenly. Morton recoiled, and Miss Desjardin jumped as if struck from behind. The heavy ceramic ashtray on Morton’s desk (it was Rodin’s Thinker with his head turned into a receptacle for cigarette butts) suddenly toppled to the rug, as if to take cover from the force of her scream. Butts and flakes of Morton’s pipe tobacco scattered on the pale-green nylon rug. ‘Now, listen,’ Morton said, trying to muster sternness, ‘I know you’re upset, but that doesn’t mean I’ll stand for-‘ ‘Please,’ Miss Desjardin said quietly. Morton blinked at her and then nodded curtly. He tried to project the image of a lovable John Wayne figure while performing the disciplinary functions that were his main job as Assistant Principal, but did not succeed very well. The administration (usually represented at Jay Cee suppers, P.T.A. functions, and American Legion award ceremonies by Principal Henry Grayle) usually termed him ‘lovable Mort.’ The student body was more apt to term him ‘that crazy ass-jabber from the office.’ But, as few students such as Billy deLois and Henry Trennant spoke at P.T.A. functions or town meetings, the administration’s view tended to carry the day. Now lovable Mort, still secretly nursing his jammed thumb, smiled at Carrie and said, ‘Go along then if you like, Miss Wright. Or would you like to sit a spell and just collect yourself?’ ‘I’ll go,’ she muttered, and swiped at her hair. She got up, then looked around at Miss Desjardin. Her eyes were wide open and dark with knowledge. ‘They laughed at me. Threw things. They’ve always laughed,’ Desjardin could only look at her helplessly. Carrie left. For a moment there was silence; Morton and Desjardin watched her go. Then, with an awkward throat-clearing sound, Mr Morton hunkered down carefully and began to sweep together the debris from the fallen ashtray. ‘What was that all about?’ She sighed and looked at the drying maroon hand-print on her shorts with distaste. ‘She got her period. Her first period. In the shower.’ Morton cleared his throat again and his cheeks went pink. The sheet of paper he was sweeping with moved even faster. ‘Isn’t she a bit, uh-‘ ‘Old for her first? Yes. That’s what made it so traumatic for her. Although I can’t understand why her mother†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ The thought trailed off, forgotten for the moment. ‘I don’t think I handled it very well, Morty, but I didn’t understand what was going on. She thought she was bleeding to death.’ He stared up sharply. ‘I don’t believe she knew there was such a thing as menstruation until half an hour ago.’ ‘Hand me that little brush there, Miss Desjardin. Yes, that’s it.’ She handed him a little brush with the legend Chamberlain Hardware and Lumber Company NEVER Brushes You Off written up the handle. He began to brush his pile of ashes on to the paper. ‘There’s still going to be some for the vacuum cleaner, I guess. This deep pile is miserable. I thought I set that ashtray back on the desk further. Funny how things fall over.’ He bumped his head on the desk and sat up abruptly. ‘It’s hard for me to believe that a girl in this or any other high school could get through three years and still be alien to the fact of menstruation, Miss Desjardin.’ ‘It’s even more difficult for me, she said. ‘But it’s all I can think of to explain her reaction. And she’s always been a group scapegoat.’ ‘Urn.’ He funnelled the ashes and butts into the wastebasket and dusted his hands. ‘I’ve placed her, I think. White. Margaret White’s daughter. Must be. That makes it a little easier to believe.’ He sat down behind his desk and smiled apologetically. ‘There’s so many of them. After five years or so, they all start to merge into one group face. You call boys by their brother’s names, that type of thing. It’s hard.’ ‘Of course it is.’ ‘Wait ’til you’ve been in the game twenty years, like me,’ he said morosely, looking down at his blood blister. ‘You get kids that look familiar and find out you had their daddy the year you started teaching. Margaret White was before my time, for which I am profoundly grateful. She told Mrs Bicente, God rest her, that the Lord was reserving a special burning seat in hell for her because she gave the kids an outline of Mr Darwin’s beliefs on evolution. She was suspended twice while she was here – once for beating a classmate with her purse. Legend has it that Margaret saw the classmate smoking a cigarette. Peculiar religious views. Very peculiar.’ His John Wayne expression suddenly snapped down. ‘The other girls. Did they really laugh at her?’ ‘Worse. They were yelling and throwing sanitary napkins at her when I walked in. Throwing them like.. like peanuts.’ ‘Oh. Oh, dear.’ John Wayne disappeared. Mr Morton went scarlet. ‘You have names?’ ‘Yes. Not all of them, although some of them may rat on the rest. Christine Hargensen appeared to be the ringleader †¦ as usual.’ ‘Chris and her Mortimer Snurds,’ Morton murmured. ‘Yes. Tina Blake, Rachel Spies, Helen Shyres, Donna Thibodeau and her sister Fern, Lila Grace, Jessica Upshaw. And Sue Snell.’ She frowned. ‘You wouldn’t expect a trick like that from Sue. She’s never seemed the type for this kind of a – stunt.’ ‘Did you talk to the girls involved?’ Miss Desjardin chuckled unhappily. ‘I got them the hell out of there. I was too flustered. And Carrie was having hysterics.’ ‘Um.’ He steepled his fingers. ‘Do you plan to talk to them?’ ‘Yes.’ But she sounded reluctant. ‘Do I detect a note of-‘ ‘You probably do,’ she said glumly. ‘I’m living in a glass house, see. I understand how those girls felt. The whole thing just made me want to take the girl and shake her. Maybe-there’s some kind of instinct about menstruation that makes women want to snarl. You read "Carrie Chapter Two" in category "Essay examples" I don’t know. I keep seeing Sue Snell and the way she looked.’ ‘Um,’ Mr Morton repeated wisely. He did not understand women and had no urge at all to discuss menstruation. ‘I’ll talk to them tomorrow,’ she promised, rising. ‘Rip them down one side and up the other.’ ‘Good. Make the punishment suit the crime. And if you feel you have to send any of them to, ah, to me, feel free-‘ ‘I will,’ she said kindly. ‘By the way, a light blew out while I was trying to calm her down. It added the final touch.’ ‘I’ll send a janitor right down,’ he promised. ‘And thanks for doing your best, Miss Desjardin. Will you have Miss Fish send in Billy and Henry?’ ‘Certainly.’ She left. He leaned back and let the whole business slide out of his mind. When Billy deLois and Henry Trennant, classcutters extraordinaire, slunk in, he glared at them happily and prepared to talk tough. As he often told Hank Grayle, he ate class-cutters for lunch. Graffiti scratched on a desk in Chamberlain Junior High School: Roses are red, violets are blue, sugar is sweet, but Carrie While eats shit. She walked down Ewin Avenue and crosssed over to Carlin at the stoplight on the corner. Her head was down and she was trying to think of nothing. Cramps came and went in great, gripping waves, making her slow down and speed up like a car with carburettor trouble. She stared at the sidewalk. Quartz glittering in the cement. Hop-scotch grids scratched in ghostly, rain-faded chalk. Wads of gum stamped flat. Pieces of tinfoil and penny-candy wrappers. They all hate and they never stop. They never get tired of it. A penny lodged in a crack. She kicked it. Imagine Chris Hargensen all bloody and screaming for mercy. With rats crawling all over her face. Good. Good. That would be good. A dog turd with a foot-track in the middle of it. A roll of blackened caps that some kid had banged with a stone. Cigarette butts. Crash in her head with a rock, with a boulder. Crash in all their hearts. Good. Good. (saviour Jesus meek and mild) That was good for Momma, all right for her. She didn’t have to go among the wolves every day of every year, out into a carnival of laughers, joke-tellers, pointers, snickerers. And didn’t Momma say there would be a Day of Judgment. (the name of that star shall be wormwood and they shall be scourged with scorpions) and an angel with a sword? If only it would be today and Jesus coming not with a lamb and a shepherd’s crook, but with a boulder on each hand to crush the laughters and the snickerers, to root out the evil and destroy it screaming – a terrible Jesus of blood and righteousness. And if only she could be His sword and His arm. She had tried to fit. She had defied Momma in a hundred little ways, had tried to erase the red-plague circle that had been drawn around her from the first day she had left the controlled environment of the small house on Carlin Street and had walked up to the Baker Street Grammar School with her Bible under her arm. She could still remember that day, the stares, and the sudden, awful silence when she had gotten down on her knees before lunch in the school cafeteria-the laughter had begun on that day and had echoed up through the years. The red-plague circle was like blood itself-you could scrub and scrub and scrub and still it would be there, not erased, not clean. She had never gotten on her knees in a public place again, although she had not told Momma that. Still, the original memory remained, with her and with them. She had fought Momma tooth and nail over the Christian Church Camp, and had earned the money to go herself by taking in sewing. Momma told her darkly that it was Sin, that it was Methodists and Baptists and Congregationalists and that it was Sin and Backsliding. She forbade Carrie to swim at the camp. Yet although she had swum and had laughed when they ducked her (until she couldn’t get her breath any more and they kept doing it and she got panicky and began to scream) and had tried to take part in the camp’s activities, a thousand practical jokes had been played on ol’ prayin’ Carrie and she had come home on the bus a week early, her eyes red and socketed from weeping, t o be picked up by Momma at the station, and Momma had told her grimly that she should treasure the memory of her scourging as proof that Momma knew, that Momma was right, that the only hope of safety and salvation was inside the red circle. ‘For straight is the gate,’ Momma said grimly in the taxi, and at home she had sent Carrie to the closet for six hours. Momma had, of course, forbade her to shower with the other girls; Carrie had hidden her shower things in her school locker and had showered anyway, taking part in a naked ritual that was shameful and embarrassing to her in hopes that the circle around her might fade a little, just a little- (but today o today) Tommy Erbter, age five, was biking up the other side of the street. He was a small, intense-looking boy on a twenty-inch Schwinn with bright-red training wheels. He was humming ‘Scoobie Doo, where are you?’ under his breath. He saw Carrie, brightened, and stuck out his tongue. ‘Hey, ol’ fart-face! Ol’ prayin’ Carrie!’ Carrie glared at him with sudden smoking rage. The bike wobbled on its training wheels and suddenly fell over. Tommy screamed. The bike was on top of him. Carrie smiled and walked on. The sound of Tommy’s wails was sweet, jangling music in her ears. If only she could make something like that happen whenever she liked. (just did) She stopped dead seven houses up from her own, staring blankly at nothing. Behind her, Tommy was climbing tearfully back on to his bike, nursing a scraped knee. He yelled something at her, but she ignored it. She had been yelled at by experts. She had been thinking: (fall off that bike kid push you off that bike and split your rotten head) And something had happened Her mind had †¦ had †¦ she groped for a word. Had flexed. That was not just right, but it was very close. There had been a curious mental bending, almost like an elbow curling a dumbbell. That wasn’t exactly right either, but it was all she could think of. An elbow with no strength. A weak baby muscle. Flex. She suddenly stared fiercely at Mrs Yorraty’s big picture window. She thought: (stupid frumpty old bitch break that window) Nothing. Mrs Yorraty’s picture window glittered serenely in the fresh nine o’clock glow of morning. Another cramp gripped Carrie’s belly and she walked on. But †¦ The light. And the ashtray; don’t forget the ashtray. She looked back (old bitch hates my momma) over her shoulder. Again it seemed that something flexed †¦ but very weakly. The flow of her thoughts shuddered as if there had been a sudden bubbling from a wellspring deeper inside. The picture window seemed to ripple. Nothing more. It could have been her eyes. Could have been. Her head began to feel tired and fuzzy, and it throbbed with the beginning of a headache. Her eyes were hot, as if she had just sat down and read the Book of Revelations straight through. She continued to walk down the street toward the small white house with the blue shutters. The familiar hate-love-dread feeling was churning inside her. Ivy had crawled up the west side of the bungalow (they always called it the bungalow because the White house sounded like a political joke and Momma said all politicians were crooks and sinners and would eventually give the country over to the Godless Reds who would put all the believers of Jesus – even the Catholics – up against the wall), and the ivy was picturesque, she knew it was, but sometimes she hated it. Sometimes, like now, the ivy looked like a grotesque giant hand ridged with great veins which had sprung up out of the ground to grip the building. She approached it with dragging feet. Of course, there had been the stones. She stopped again, blinking vapidly at the day. The stones. Momma never talked about that; Carrie didn’t even know if her momma still remembered the day of the stones. It was surprising that she herself still remembered it. She had been a very little girl then. How old? Three? Four? There had been the girl in the white bathing suit, and then the stones came. And things had flown in the house. Here the memory was, suddenly bright and clear. As if it had been here all along, just below the surface, waiting for a kind of mental puberty. Waiting, maybe, for today. From Carrie: The Black Dawn of T.K. (Esquire Magazine, September 12, 1980) by Jack Gaver: Estelle Horan had lived in the neat San Diego suburb of Parrish for twelve years, and outwardly she is typical Mrs California: She wears bright print shifts and smoked amber sunglasses; her hair is black-streaked blonde; she drives a neat maroon Volkswagen Formula Vee with a smile decal on the petrol cap and a green-flag ecology sticker on the back window. Her husband is an executive at the Parrish branch of the Bank of America; her son and daughter are certified members of the Southern California Sun ‘n Fun Crowd, burnished-brown beach creatures. There is a hibachi in the small, beautifully kept back yard, and the door chimes play a tinkly phrase from the refrain of ‘Hey, Jude.’ But Mrs Horan still carries the thin, difficult soil of New England somewhere inside her, and when she talks of Carrie White her face takes on an odd, pinched look that is more like Lovecraft out of Arkham than Kerouac out of Southern Cat. ‘Of course she was strange,’ Estelle Horan tells me. lighting a second Virginia Slim a moment after stubbing out her first. ‘The whole family was strange. Ralph was a construction worker, and people on the street said he carried a Bible and a .38 revolver to work with him every day. The Bible was for his coffee break and lunch. The .38 was in case he met Antichrist on the job, I can remember the Bible myself. The revolver †¦ who knows? He was a big olive-skinned man with his hair always shaved into a flattop crewcut. He always looked mean. And you didn’t meet his eyes, not ever. They were so intense they actually seemed to glow. When you saw him coming you crossed the street and you never stuck out your tongue at his back, not ever. That’s how spooky he was.’ She pauses, puffing clouds of cigarette smoke toward the pseudo-redwood beams that cross the ceiling. Stella Horan lived on Carlin Street until she was twenty, commuting to day classes at Lewin Business College in Motton. But she remembers the incidents of the stones very clearly. ‘There are times,’ she says, ‘when I wonder if I might have caused it. Their back yard was next to ours, and Mrs White had put in a hedge but it hadn’t grown out yet. She’d called my mother dozens of times about â€Å"the show† I was putting on in my back yard. Well, my bathing suit was perfectly decent – prudish by today’s standards – nothing but a plain old one-piece Jantzen. Mrs White used to go on and on about what a scandal it was for â€Å"her baby.† My mother..-. well, she tries to be polite, but her temper is so quick. I don’t know what Margaret White did to finally push her over the edge – called me the Whore of Babylon, I suppose – but my mother told her our yard was our yard and I’d go out and dance the hootchie-kootchie buck naked if that was her pleasure and mine. She also told her that she was a dirty old woman with a can of worms for a mind. There was a lot more shouting, bu t that was the upshot of it. ‘I wanted to stop sunbathing right then. I hate trouble. It upsets my stomach. But Mom-when she gets a case, she’s a terror. She came home from Jordan Marsh with a little white bikini. Told me I might as well get all the sun I could. â€Å"After all,† she said, â€Å"the privacy of our own back yard and all.† Stella Horan smiles a little at the memory and crushes out her cigarette. ‘I tried to argue with her, tell her I didn’t want any more trouble, didn’t want to be a pawn in their back-fence war. Didn’t do a bit of good. Trying to stop my mum when she’ gets a bee in her hat is like trying to stop a Mack truck going downhill with no brakes. Actually, there was more to it. I was scared of the Whites. Real religious nuts are nothing to fool with. Sure, Ralph White was dead, but what if Margaret still had that .38 around? ‘But there I was on Saturday afternoon, spread out ‘ on a blanket in the back yard, covered with suntan lotion and listening to Top Forty on the radio. Mom hated that stuff and usually she’d yell out at least twice for me to turn it down before she went nuts. But that day she turned it up twice herself. I started to feel like the Whore of Babylon myself ‘But nobody came out of the Whites’ place. Not even the old lady to hang her wash. That’s something else – she never hung any undies on the back line. Not even Carrie’s, and she was only three back then. Always in the house. ‘I started to relax. I guess I was thinking Margaret must have taken Carrie to the park to worship God in the raw or something. Anyway, after a little while I rolled on my back, put one arm over my eyes, and dozed off. ‘When I woke up, Carrie was standing next to me and looking down at my body.’ She breaks off, frowning into space. Outside, the cars are whizzzing by endlessly. I can hear the steady little whine my tape recorder makes. But it all seems a little too brittle, too glossy, just a cheap patina over a darker world – a real world where nightmares happen. ‘She was such a pretty girl,’ Stella Horan resumes, fighting another cigarette. ‘I’ve seen some high school pictures of her, and that horrible fuzzy black-and-white photo on the cover of Newsweek. I look at them and all I can think is, Dear God, where did she go? What did that woman do to her? Then I feel sick and sorry. She was so pretty, with pink cheeks and bright brown eyes, and her hair the shade of blonde you know will darken and get mousy. Sweet is the only word that fits. Sweet and bright and innocent. Her mother’s sickness hadn’t touched her very deeply, not then. ‘I kind of started up awake and tried to smile. It was hard to think what to do. I was logy from the sun and my mind felt sticky and slow. I said â€Å"Hi.† She was wearing a little yellow dress, sort of cute but awfully long for a little girl in the summer. It came down to her shins. ‘She didn’t smile back. She just pointed and said, â€Å"What are those?† ‘I looked down and saw that my top had slipped while I was asleep. So I fixed it and said, â€Å"Those are my breasts, Carrie,† ‘Then she said-very solemnly: â€Å"I wish I had some.† ‘I said: â€Å"You have to wait, Carrie. You won’t start to get them for another †¦ oh. eight or nine years.† How to cite Carrie Chapter Two, Essay examples

Qualities of a Good free essay sample

Qualities of a good essay Given below is the process that should be followed for essay writing. 1Select the topic of your essay, be careful about its wording. 1. Choose the central idea, or thesis, of your essay. For example: Information technology has revolutionized the way we work. 2. Outline your essay into introductory, body and summary paragraphs. 3. The introductory paragraph begins with an interesting sentence. For example: Home workers have grown from 150,000 to over 12 million in the past 5 years thanks to the wonders of the computer. 4. After this first sentence, add your thesis statement from above. 5. Use one sentence to introduce each body paragraph to follow. For example: The Internet has made this possible by extending the office into the home. 6. Finish the introductory paragraph with a short summary or goal statement. For example: Technological innovation has thus made the traditional workplace obsolete. 7. In each of the body paragraphs (usually two or three) the ideas first presented in the introductory paragraph are developed. We will write a custom essay sample on Qualities of a Good or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 8. Develop your body paragraphs by giving detailed information and examples.

Ancient Dancing Girl of Mohenjo-Daro

Ancient Dancing Girl of Mohenjo-Daro The Dancing Girl of Mohenjo-Daro is what generations of besotted archaeologists have named a 10.8 centimeter (4.25 inch) tall copper-bronze statuette found in the ruins of Mohenjo Daro. That city is one of the most important sites of the Indus Civilization, or more accurately, the Harappan Civilization (2600-1900 BC) of Pakistan and northwestern India. The Dancing Girl figurine was sculpted using the lost wax (cire perdue) process, which involves making a mold and pouring molten metal into it. Made about 2500 BC, the statuette was found in the remains of a small house in the southwestern quarter of Mohenjo Daro by Indian archaeologist D. R. Sahni [1879-1939] during his 1926-1927 field season at the site. The Dancing Girl Figurine The figurine is a naturalistic free-standing sculpture of a nude woman, with small breasts, narrow hips, long legs and arms, and a short torso; her genitals are explicit. She wears a stack of 25 bangles on her left arm. She has very long legs and arms compared to her torso; her head is tilted slightly backward and her left leg is bent at the knee. On her right arm are four bangles, two at the wrist, two above the elbow; that arm is bent at the elbow, with her hand on her hip. She wears a necklace with three large pendants, and her hair is in a loose bun, twisted in a spiral fashion and pinned in place at the back of her head. Some scholars suggest that the Dancing Girl statuette is a portrait of a real woman. Individuality of the Dancing Girl Although there have been literally thousands of figurines recovered from Harappan sites, including over 2,500 at Harappa alone, the vast majority of figurines are terracotta, made from fired clay. Only a handful of Harappan figurines are carved from stone (such as the famous priest-king figure) or, like the dancing lady, of lost-wax copper bronze. Figurines are an elaborate class of representational artifact found in many ancient and modern human societies. Human and animal figurines can give insight into concepts of sex, gender, sexuality and other aspects of social identity. That insight is important for us today because many ancient societies left no decipherable written language. Although the Harappans had a written language, no modern scholar has been able to decipher the Indus Script to date. Metallurgy and the Indus Civilization A recent survey of the use of copper-based metals used in Indus civilization sites (Hoffman and Miller 2014) found that most of the classic Harappan aged objects made of copper-bronze are vessels (jars, pots, bowls, dishes, pans, scale pans) formed from sheet copper; tools (blades from sheet copper; chisels, pointed tools, axes and adzes) manufactured by casting; and ornaments (bangles, rings, beads, and decorative-headed pins) by casting. Hoffman and Miller found that copper mirrors, figurines, tablets, and tokens are relatively rare compared to these other artifact types. There are many more stone and ceramic tablets than those made of copper-based bronze. The Harappans made their bronze artifacts using a variety of blends, alloys of copper with tin and arsenic, and varying lesser amounts of zinc, lead, sulfur, iron, and nickel. Adding zinc to copper makes an object brass rather than bronze, and some of the earliest brasses on our planet were created by the Harappans. Researchers Park and Shinde (2014) suggest that the variety of blends used in different products was the result of fabrication requirements and the fact that pre-alloyed and pure copper was traded into the Harappan cities rather than produced there. The lost wax method used by Harappan metallurgists involved first carving the object out of wax, then covering it in wet clay. Once the clay was dried, holes were bored into the mold and the mold was heated, melting the wax. The empty mold was then filled with a melted mixture of copper and tin. After that cooled, the mold was broken, revealing the copper-bronze object. Sex and the Dancing Girl Most of the images of women from Harappan-period sites are from hand-modeled terracotta, and they are primarily curvaceous mother goddesses. Many of them have explicit sexual organs and navels, heavy breasts and broad hips; most wear a fan-shaped headdress. Male figurines appear later than the female ones, with early male motifs represented by male animals- bulls, elephants, unicorns- with explicit genitals. The dancing girl is unusual in that although her genitals are explicit she isnt particularly voluptuous- and she is not hand-modeled, she was created using a mold. American archaeologist Sharri Clark suggests that the process of making hand-modeled terracotta images was ritually or symbolically meaningful to the maker, that the manufacturing of the figurines was as important or perhaps more important than the figurine itself. It is possible, then, that the manufacturing technique chosen by the maker of the Dancing Girl had some specific meaning that we dont have access to. Possible African Origins The ethnicity of the woman depicted in the figure has been a somewhat controversial subject over the years since the figurine was discovered. Several scholars such as ECL During Casper have suggested that the lady looks African. Recent evidence for Bronze Age trade contact with Africa has been found at Chanhu-Dara, another Harappan Bronze Age site, in the form of pearl millet, which was domesticated in Africa about 5,000 years ago. There is also at least one burial of an African woman at Chanhu-Dara, and it is not impossible that the Dancing Girl was a portrait of a woman from Africa. However, the figurines hairdressing is a style worn by Indian women today and in the past, and her armful of bangles is similar to a style worn by contemporary Kutchi Rabari tribal women. British Archaeologist Mortimer Wheeler, one of many scholars besotted by the statuette, recognized her as a woman from the Baluchi region. Sources Clark SR. 2003. Representing the Indus Body: Sex, Gender, Sexuality, and the Anthropomorphic Terracotta Figurines from Harappa. Asian Perspectives 42(2):304-328. Clark SR. 2009. Material Matters: Representation and Materiality of the Harappan Body. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 16:231–261. Craddock PT. 2015. The metal casting traditions of South Asia: Continuity and innovation. Indian Journal of History of Science 50(1):55-82. During Caspers ECL. 1987. Was the dancing girl from Mohenjo-daro a Nubian? Annali, Instituto Oriental di Napoli 47(1):99-105. Hoffman BC, and Miller HM-L. 2014. Production and Consumption of Copper-Base Metals in the Indus Civilization. In: Roberts BW, and Thornton CP, editors. Archaeometallurgy in Global Perspective: Methods and Syntheses. New York, NY: Springer New York. p 697-727. Kennedy KAR, and Possehl GL. 2012. Were There Commercial Communications between Prehistoric Harappans and African Populations? Advances in Anthropology 2(4):169-180. Park J-S, and Shinde V. 2014. Characterization and comparison of the copper-base metallurgy of the Harappan sites at Farmana in Haryana and Kuntasi in Gujarat, India. Journal of Archaeological Science 50:126-138. Possehl GL. 2002. The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective. Walnut Creek, California: Altamira Press. Sharma M, Gupta I, and Jha PN. 2016. From Caves to Miniatures: Portrayal of Woman in Early Indian Paintings. Chitrolekha International Magazine on Art and Design 6(1):22-42. Shinde V, and Willis RJ. 2014. A New Type of Inscribed Copper Plate from Indus Valley (Harappan) Civilisation. Ancient Asia 5(1):1-10. Sinopoli CM. 2006. Gender and archaeology in south and southwest Asia. In: Milledge Nelson S, editor. Handbook of Gender in Archaeology. Lanham, Maryland: Altamira Press. p 667-690. Srinivasan S. 2016. Metallurgy of zinc, high-tin bronze and gold in Indian antiquity: Methodological aspects. Indian Journal of History of Science 51(1):22-32.

The Plains Zebra Essays - Zebras, Equus, Mammals Of Africa

The Plains Zebra Essays - Zebras, Equus, Mammals Of Africa The Plains Zebra The Plains Zebra Deep ebony, blinding cream, these are the colors of the zebra. The zebra is one unique animal. Zebras are one of the marvelous animals in Africa. About the size of a small horse, these amazing animals are about 50-53 inches in height. When a male zebra grows up, he can weigh up to 520 pounds! It's a good thing that the female zebra is friendly. It can weigh a whopping 510 pounds, almost as much as the male! Zebras usually do not attack unless threatened though, whew! The large animal, the zebra, mates all year round, but mostly during the early rainy season. Eighteen male zebras battle it out with the dominant male at that certain time to see who has the rights to mate with the number one female. In three years, female zebras are able to mate, and the is able when he is about five. Found mainly in the Southern Savanna, these hungry zebras can also be found in the arid plains of eastern Africa. They are also found in many national parks because hunters kill countless zebras for their picturesque fur, much as the elephant for its tusks. During the day, zebras are not as active as they are at night. The zebra easily adapts to just about anything Africa can throw at them, from poachers to food shortage. Therefore, one of the most successful herbivores in Africa. These friendly zebras main predator is the lion. When attacked by a lion, the zebra makes it difficult to eat just one zebra, so it is kind of all for one, and one for all! as the Three Musketeers would say. Also, poachers present another problem. People are trying to stop the hunting of endangered animals, but as long as people have the right to bear arms, we will keep running into this horrible problem. The poachers get a large sum of money for killing these poor, defenseless, endangered animals, and selling their fur on the black market. Zebras are Africa's most brilliant painted horses. They are truly astonishing animals. I think one should go see the zebras at the nearby Great Plains Zoo to get a real idea of what they look like. Thanks for reading my report on an extraordinary animal, The Plains Zebra. Bibliography (none)

Apple Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Apple Corporation - Essay Example But there comes a stage of stagnation in every industry; electronics industry is not an exception to it, considering how the leading electronics company, Apple Corp. and its former CEO Steve Job have been striving hard to maintain the competitive edge through cost-cutting made possible only by launching of better versions of their electronic products. Title Page Former CEO, Jobs, led Apple on the path of innovation. Although still the Company has been working with the same batch of product innovation people, but things are not happening like when Jobs was at the helm of Apple’s functions. The bungling of Apple Maps is a proof of the fact that after the death of Jobs, the product innovation team at Apple has caused losses than just not succeeding in innovating new products. Cohan has enumerated many reasons for the approaching doom for Apple, disagreeing with Blodget for presenting Apple as a buy. It is a wrong notion that stock of Apple is cheap while traded as a P/E of 9, whi ch is below the market average of 15. Actually, Apple is becoming costlier with its income reducing at the rate of 17% in the first quarter of 2013; it is heading for a reduction of 1% in overall for the whole year of 2013. Product innovation had been boosting and sustaining Apple amid competition but lately, innovation has taken the back seat, as there are no new products in the offing. Samsung has been giving tough time, inspiring customers to go for new products of Samsung rather than buying latest versions of iPhone 5S and iPad Mini. At the times of Jobs, innovation was used as a strategic tool to develop a better version of the products, helping at the same time in reducing cost. Product differentiation was the key during the management of Jobs; products were either cheaper than leading competitors or better than what the market offered, such as Apple’s MP3 players, smart phones, and tablets, resulting in investors and customers lining up for its products – that created Apple’s appeal for investors and customers soaring (Cohan â€Å"7 Reasons Apple is More Doomed Than You Think† 1-2). Apple Corp. needs to position itself strategically because of not launching any new product and remaining for too long with its super-premium pricing strategy. Apple led the market under the command of Jobs through differentiation in product offering, which is evident from the fact that customers were willing to buy iPhone4 at 44% premium, ensuring a gross profit of 71% (Cohan â€Å"7 Reasons Apple is M ore Doomed Than You Think† 2). In the present scenario, if Apple is to remain and lead in competition, it has to cut down on cost, relatively lower to the competitors’ product offerings. It is also true at the same time that former CEO, Jobs charisma was the leading force behind the brilliant performance of Apple Corp. for developing products like iPhone and iPad. Competition is presently causing reduction in profits due to competition, as gross margins have come down in the latest quarter from 47.4% to 37.5% year-on-year along with shrinking net profits for the first time in the past 10 years from $11.6

Teamwork in companies and corporate change Research Paper

Teamwork in companies and corporate change - Research Paper Example In short, individuals will get more freedom and flexibility in their works in organizations where team work prevails. â€Å"The main characteristic feature of the team is synergy through which team members act together and achieve better results than if they perform alone or in other organizational forms†(Petrov, 2010, p.91). While working in a team, individuals get more support from his team members and therefore his jobs stress will be considerably reduced. Reduced job stress will increases his performances and productivity. Another major advantage of team work is the â€Å"creation of a whole that is greater than the sum of its parts, because synergy pools individual talents and efforts to create extraordinary results† (Judeh, 2011, p.203). 1+1 = 2 is correct in Mathematics; but in business 1+1>2 because of the possibility of extraordinary results teamwork can generate in an organization. While working as part of a team, the members may deliver more than 100% of their efficiency. Sheng & Tinag (2010) have pointed out that â€Å"employees would have more loyalty and ties to those in groups working with them as a team because they could have immediate feedback from these people† (Sheng & Tinag, 2010, p.1297). Man is a social animal and he dislikes individual work. Nobody wants to work in a lonely atmosphere in which no communication occurs or no support received. While working in groups or teams, he gets enough opportunities for communication and therefore his capabilities will come out automatically. In this article, Bob Frisch point out some of the major drawbacks of teamwork along with the benefits of teamwork. In his opinion, even though the employees in a team will get more freedom and flexibility in their works, the chances of increased blaming of the individual employees cannot be ruled out. Team work also helps to have assertive conversations, give and receive feedback, and

Comparing Social Welfare Systems: UK and Germany

Comparing Social Welfare Systems: UK and Germany This paper will seek to compare the social welfare systems of England and Germany with regard to how they cater for the elderly. The paper will approach the issue by firstly discussing the theoretical underpinnings of the welfare state in both England and Germany. This initial theoretical analysis is important because it sets the foundation to understand the way in which social welfare policy in both countries approach care of the elderly. The paper will then provide a comparative analysis of the welfare issues affecting the elderly such as national insurance, elderly care, pension provisions, health care and other pertinent variables. This comparison will then seek to establish defining characteristics of each model towards elderly care. One of the most prolific scholarly expositions on welfare systems and their ideological frameworks come from Epsing-Anderson[1] who postulated that there are three distinct regimes of welfare systems. These he identified as Liberal, Corporatist and Social Democratic. Within this model, he located Germany as a Corporatist- Conservative regime and the United Kingdom as a Liberal welfare regime. Nevertheless, despite arguing how welfare states have developed and can be characterized under these three trajectories, Epsing-Anderson maintains that â€Å"the welfare state cannot be regarded as the sum total of social policies, it is more than a numerical cumulation of discrete programmes†.[2] With this in mind, the paper will now consider the theoretical underpinnings of Germany as a Corporatist-Conservative regime. Germany maintains a welfare system that is usually classified as the classical Bismarckian welfare state. This intimates that the welfare system in Germany is structured among class and occupational lines and subsequently a high degree of stratification, along the lines of market participation exists. The state, rather than the market, is the most important agency in the delivery of welfare and benefits are provided through a network of public, quasi public, private and voluntary organisations.[3] The German welfare state is characterized by a dominance of mandatory social insurance schemes such as health, unemployment, pensions, disability and long care. These schemes are predominantly contribution based benefits with the state partly contributing to public pension schemes, unemployment insurance and social assistance. Another feature of the German conservative welfare system is that it ascribes the male breadwinner model with significant corrections. It is steeped in the social policy dictates of Catholicism and this is demonstrated by a commitment to ‘the preservation of status differentials’[4] by emphasising self-help and to the preservation of a traditional family model. Women’s benefits are inextricably linked to their spouse, which in modern day society, places women at a disadvantage because they may have spent years caring for elderly relatives, or childrearing and widows pensions are inherently low.[5] However, the German welfare state has had to adapt to the new realties of modern society where more women are remaining single, divorce rates are higher and individuals have to work for much longer. The oft practiced early retirement feature of the German welfare state has also seen adjustments as families, especially women now need to reconcile salaried work commitments along with duties towards their loved ones in order to ensure a good standard of living in today’s market led economy.[6] These changes have had an effect on how elderly care is administered and ordered within the German welfare sate. Before the issue of care for the elderly with the German welfare state model is explored, the paper will now examine the characteristics of the UK welfare state. Converse to the German corporatist-conservative welfare state model, the United Kingdom is largely been historically characterized as an example of a liberal welfare model. However as Epsing-Anderson stated earlier, no one regime is a pure typology, instead they are usually a hybrid form albeit with an overarching ideology. Modern day societies demand that so called welfare regimes undergo pragmatic shifts to adjust to social, political and economic shifts. In light of these changes the UK welfare system is viewed as a liberal socialist welfare system. Firstly, the welfare system in the UK places a distinct emphasis on market-based social insurance and it uses of means-testing for the â€Å"fair† distribution of benefits. It regards as fair the distribution of more benefits to the poor or vulnerable who are viewed as more deserving. In this regard, welfare is oriented towards a class of the poor dependent or what is called the ‘residual welfare state’. The consequence of this is that, there is a low degree of de-commodification, meaning, benefits are limited and stigmatised by the general populace as the model assumes that high levels of benefit will reduce incentives to work. A high degree of stratification exists within the UK welfare state, wherein, the state plays an active role in social relations. One of the factors impacting the classification of the UK as a liberal social democratic welfare state regime is the existence of in-kind services such as free health care which is delivered through the National Health Service (NHS) and the prevalence of subsidised social housing to vulnerable groups, such as the elderly, single parents and the homeless. One of the most impacting changes within the liberal social democratic social welfare regime of the UK was pension reform in the 1980’s. These reforms saw the government cutting back on contributions that were earnings liked to retirement incomes and the heightened encouragement of private schemes as a necessary supplement. Many employers took advantage of the new low regulations on pension schemes and did not offer sufficient coverage adequate for a decent retirement standard of living and quality of life.[7] Subsequently, the UK government has not been able to negotiate adequate pension conditions with private employers on behalf of workers. All these changes within the liberal oriented UK welfare state model necessitates the discussion on how the elderly is affected. The aforementioned discussion on the typology of the welfare state in both Germany and the UK was necessary to this paper, as it sets the stage to understand how the elderly are treated within these two ideological frameworks. It also allows for an analysis on how modern day society has altered or shifted these ideological welfare state positions. To this end, the paper will now consider the comparative analysis with a focus on the various modes of care and policies towards the elderly in both Germany and the UK. One of the most important modes of care for the elderly is the provision of good health care. In societies where younger children have had to buy into active participation in a market based economy, the elderly becomes a particularly vulnerable group. Wegner explains this aptly when he states: â€Å"The absence of supportive health and social services contributes to several important problems: (1) the quality of care may fall short of adequate standards, resulting in instances neglect or abuse; (2) the strain of care giving places caregivers themselves at risk for many health problems; and (3) the heavy burden falling on a single caregiver eventually results in a greater reliance on institutional care than may be necessary.†[8] Germany’s historically conservative welfare state ideology, dictated that the family should be the main care-giver and support system for the elderly. However, with the elderly population living alone in Germany is the highest in the OECD and the European Union. Sensing that this tend would have been inevitable, Germany launched a long term care insurance scheme in 1994 which targeted the elderly. This scheme functions on a pay as you go basis and is strictly aimed at those in need of social assistance.[9] It is â€Å"financed through earmarked social insurance contributions and organized as a separate branch of social insurance†.[10] Some features of the scheme are: community based care, payment to caregivers and nursing homes, home modifications, personal assistance and general household assistance. In some instance, the elderly are also covered under the state’s accident and pension insurance schemes. Interestingly, Taylor-Gooby[11] notes that space was still made to retain conservative values with the introduction of the long-term care assistance as legislation such as cash reimbursement without any form of monitoring to encourage family supported care giving practices. In contrast, the elderly in the UK receive completely free health care under the statutory National Health Service which is free to all citizens post World War II. However, as previously discussed, the UK underwent serious cutbacks in pension provisions in the 1980’s and this has placed a significant number of retirement age pensioners at risk of poverty. Furthermore, the government also cut back in the number of public beds available for care in hospitals. This has in some ways encouraged caregiving from family members for the elderly, but like Germany, may younger family members have to reconcile paid employment with their desire to care for their loved ones. This has placed considerable strain on the NHS as the elderly suffer many injuries from largely having to care for themselves. The strain on the NHS reached such a crescendo that some doctors even recommended not treating the very old.[12] The NHS has come under great criticism for its treatment of the elderly,[13] cons equently the government, is trying to achieve the goals of its 10 year plan to reform care of the elderly in the UK which is documented in the National Service Framework for Older People. The inspection report â€Å"Living Well into Later Life†[14] recommended that the NHS needed to do more to encourage wellbeing and active ageing among the elderly. Specifically, while the NHS system is fraught with irregularities, vulnerable persons such as the elderly are increasingly being given more attention within the UK welfare state, with appeals for more state intervention, as opposed to the closed family oriented model of Germany. Housing is another important issue for the elderly. In Germany, the tradition of home care has affected the number of elderly persons who leave the home environment for care. Only 4% of the over 65 year old age group live in a nursing home or other forms of institutional care, despite the high number of elderly Germans living alone.[15] Much of these attitudes towards institutional care are grounded in German legislation as the constitution is based on the principle of â€Å"subsidiarity† whereby responsibility for welfare needs rests squarely with families, then local or federal authorities, that order.[16] The German long term care insurance â€Å"pays for personal care, medical help and social care†[17] in a nursing institution for the elderly only when familial help is no longer possible. It avoids paying for accommodation and subsistence costs and the total payment does not â€Å"exceed 75 percent of the total cost.†. Dallinger maintains that housing for the elderly in Germany is usually determined along social class lines.[18] She makes this assertion because the higher and middle class are usually financially able to employ paid care or help for their elderly family members and therefore institutional care is usually only sought by those who cannot afford such care. Nonetheless, Dallinger points out that the increase of German women entering the labour market has necessitated a greater demand on the need for the elderly to rely on the welfare state for care assistance, since younger women were the traditional caregivers. Housing for the elderly in the UK suffers similar challenges as younger family members do not have the time to care for their elderly relatives because of the gradual individualization of the society. This places the elderly at risk of social exclusion and being marginalized within modern day Britain. Consequently, the government has reduced the cost of housing council tax for the elderly and has provided them additionally benefits such as free transportation to encourage them to remain at home, while fostering active lives. Additionally, the â€Å"Living Well into Later Life† inspection report found a renewed push by the government to encourage older persons to stay in their own homes by providing them with paid personal caregivers. Furthermore an outreach group called â€Å"Supporting People† was actively advocating for the building of more sheltered housing facilities for the elderly.[19] However, it is appropriate to say that the issue of elderly housing in the UK r eceives more state intervention and welfare services than it does in Germany. This paper previously discussed how state cutbacks on pensions in the UK have placed the elderly in a particularly vulnerable retirement position. The UK now sees a pension scenario where those who are better off financially are able to buy into private pension schemes, and those who cannot afford have to rely on what is now a â€Å"diminishing† pension returns at retirement via the state. Furthermore, many individuals who were advised by pension salesmen, bought into private schemes yet saw their entire pension investments diminish in the mid to late 90’s when many private companies went bust because of being unregulated.[20] Taylor-Gooby asserts that in Germany, retirement income which traditionally came from public pensions, has seen a shift since a 2001 pension reform initiative in the state.[21] The German state has moved towards provision of a mixture of public-private pension scheme, along with great encouragement to citizens that public pensions will not suffice pre-retirement standard of living, thus plugging supplementary private schemes. Noting the failure of such schemes in the UK in the 90’s, Germany has sought to have stricter regulations on private pension providers. Furthermore, in line with its conservative ideology, women are given pension credits under the German welfare scheme for time taken off work for childrearing. It is therefore conclusive to say that while the UK and Germany have ideologically different perspectives on how their welfare state is structured, both countries have had to adapt to socio-economic changes within their societies and aim to provide better care for the elderly. The pressures of a rapidly aging population, the individualization of both societies has caused the elderly population to become increasingly isolated and at risk of being severely socially excluded and marginalized. Consequently social policies that inform traditional welfare states have become more pragmatic in their approaches while still trying to retain their ideological perspectives. Bibliography Alber, J. (1996) â€Å"The Debate about Long Term Care Reform in Germany†, in OECD (ed.) Caring for Frail Elderly People: Policies in Evolution. Social Policy Studies, No. 19, pp. 261-278. Dallinger, U. (2002) Elderly Care in the Family in Germany. Paper contributed to: COST 13A Meeting in Copenhagen, Friday 19. April 2002. Accessed on October 20, 2008 at: http://www.socsci.auc.dk/cost/gender/Workingpapers/UrsulaDallinger.pdf Donnelly, L., (September. 26, 2008) Don’t Treat the Old and Unhealthy says Doctors. The Telegraph. London. Accessed on October 21, 2008 at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1576704/Dont-treat-the-old-and-unhealthy,-say-doctors.html Esping-Andersen, G. (1994) ‘Welfare States and the Economy’, in N. J. Smelser and R. Swedberg (eds) The Handbook of Economic Sociology, pp. 711–32. New York: Princeton University Press Esping-Andersen, G. (1990) The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Oxford: Polity Press. Goode Committee (1994) Pensions Law Reform. Cm 2342-1, HMSO. Laurance, J. (March 27, 2006) The Great Betrayal: How the NHS Fails the Elderly. The Independent. London. Accessed on October 21, 2008 at: http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-wellbeing/health-news/the-great-betrayal-how-the-nhs-fails-the-elderly-471635.html Living Well into Later Life: A Review of Progress Against the National Service Framework for Older People. Audit Commission. Audit Commission. UK. Accessed on October 21, 2008 at: http://www.audit-commission.gov.uk/Products/NATIONAL-REPORT/4C4C40BE-6383-40E0-8B26-48D7FAF39A56/HCC_older%20PeopleREP.pdf Solsten, E. ed. (1995) Germany: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. Accessed on October 19, 2008 at: http://countrystudies.us/germany/111.htm Taylor-Gooby, P. (2004) New Risks, New Welfare: The Transformation of the European Welfare State. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Wegner, E. (2001) Restructuring Care for the Elderly in Germany. Current Sociology. Vol. 49(3) pp. 175-188 1 Footnotes [1] Epsing-Anderson, G. (1990) [2] Epsing-Anderson, G. (1994) pp. 711-32 [3] Solsten, E. (1995) Accessed at: http://countrystudies.us/germany/111.htm [4] Epsing-Anderson, G. (1990) [5] Solsten, E. (1995) Accessed at: http://countrystudies.us/germany/111.htm [6] Taylor-Gooby, P. (2004) p. 31 [7] Goode Committee (1994) [8] Wegner, Eldon. (2001) p.2 [9] Ibid. [10] Taylor-Gooby, P. (2004) p. 42 [11] Ibid., p.40 [12] Donelly, The Telegraph (Sept 26, 2008) Accessed at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1576704/Dont-treat-the-old-and-unhealthy,-say-doctors.html [13] Laurance, J. The Independent (March 27, 2006) Accessed at: http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-wellbeing/health-news/the-great-betrayal-how-the-nhs-fails-the-elderly-471635.html [14] Living Well Into Later Life. Accessed at: http://www.audit-commission.gov.uk/Products/NATIONAL-REPORT/4C4C40BE-6383-40E0-8B26-48D7FAF39A56/HCC_older%20PeopleREP.pdf [15] Dallinger, U. (2002) p.2 [16] Alber. J (1996) p.264 [17] Wegner, E. (2001) p. 180 [18] Dallinger, U. (2002) p. 3 [19] Living Well Into Later Life. Op. cit. p. 68 [20] Taylor-Gooby, P. (2004) p. 61 [21] Ibid. p.35 Social responsibility, maximising profits? Social responsibility, maximising profits? In his article The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits (1970), Milton Friedman, the Nobel laureate in economics, argued for what was summed up in the title of his article: the social responsibility of businesses is simply and solely to maximise profits! In the following, different arguments for and against Milton Friedmans statement will be presented and criticized. The inherent theories and principles will be presented as far as needed in order to discuss the extent to which this statement is true. Milton Freidman starts his famous article by describing the claim for a social responsibility of business by a pure and unadulterated socialism. For him, stating that business has a responsibility is looseness and lacks rigour. A company is only an artificial person and can not have responsibilities like an individual can. In this regard, only people in an organization, which means only the in ­dividual proprietors or the corporate executives, can have any social or moral responsibility. The managers of a company have a legal responsibility to manage the company in the best interests of the stockholders. As those shareholders first interest in investing their money in a business is to increase their wealth, then the managers sole responsibility is to maximize the profits for their shareholders. It is the legal and moral obligation of the managers to concentrate solely on serving their employers best interest, which means increasing profit. If the managers or the shareholders feel the need to fulfil any moral, social or ethical duties, they may very well devote some of their incomes or time to such activities. They are in doing so acting as a principal, not an agent. They are spending their own money and time, not those of the corporation they are working for and those of its shareholders. If an executive or a manager is fulfilling any social responsibility, this means that he will act in a way that is not in the primary interest of his employer, or worse, that is violating his duty of maximizing the profit. Any money or time that is spent by an executive in any kind of social action will not be spent to increase the shareholders wealth, to reduce prices or to increase wages. Therefore, this executive is spending someone elses money, the shareholders, the customers or the employees. Furthermore, in doing so, the manager is actually imposing a tax to the shareholders, the customers and the employees. He is also deciding on how those tax proceeds are to be spent. This is for Freidman a governmental function. In doing so, executives are, as per Freidman, simultaneously legislators, execu ­tives and, jurists. They become what Freidman calls public employees, civil servants even though they are employees of a private corporation. It is therefore the governments responsibility to impose taxes and determine the expenditures to be spent by any and all businesses in social activities. Freidman also recognizes that some businesses might act socially, contribute to chari ­ties or provide amenities. This can be described hyp ­ocritically by social responsibility or social actions. The real and hidden reason for businesses in doing so is to gain a long-term profit from such actions, like attracting desirable employees, reducing wage bill or tax proceeds. To summarize his thoughts and in his tribute to an ideal free-market, Freidman believes that no individual can coerce any other, all coopera ­tion is voluntary, all parties to such coopera ­tion benefit or they need not participate. There are no values, no social responsibilities in any sense other than the shared values and responsibilities of individuals. Society is a collection of individuals and of the various groups they voluntarily form. Some others do believe, all the same way, that the sole responsibility of a company is to compete to maximize profit. Adam Smith (As reported by The Economist, 2005) believes that benevolence is not necessary to advance the public interest. Rather, self-interest and profit-seeking is what brings humans to accomplish things, produce goods and services and thus benefit each others. It is false to think that profit-seeking fails to serve and advance the public interest, and that something else needs to be given back to the society to compensate for this profit-seeking. Keith Davis (1973) advances several arguments against the so called Corporate Social Responsibility. First of all, as per Freidman, the business function is an economic one, and the manager is the agent of the stockholders and has thus to maximize their profits. The second argument given by Davis is the costs of the social involvement. Indeed, many social goals do not have any economic outcome. Any business must spend with great caution its scarce resources, although sometimes very substantial, or it will sooner or later cause financial distress. Indeed, scarce resources will never self-renew, and must thus be spent in a way that guarantees at the minimum their recovery, if not gaining some premium. The author here cites some example metal foundries which could not meet the high costs of new pollution equipment and closed their doors. Another argument advanced by Davis is the lack of social skills of many businessmen. The author questions whether those businessmen, who are experts at generating profit, are well qualified to deal with social and public interests. Keith Davis also presents the argument of the dilution of the business primary purpose. A business involvement in social activities might dilute its primary focus on economic productivity, divide the interests of its leaders, and weaken business in the market place, with the results that it would accomplish poorly both its economic and its social roles. Furthermore, if a business spends resources in social programs, then these resources must be recovered, generally by increasing prices to the final consumer. In the same manner, if spending in social activities reduces the business productivity, this leads to higher production costs. If the business is operating in international markets with other firms that do not have to support such additional costs, the socially responsible ones will have a competitive disadvantage. Another argument is that the businesses that would support social activities will have additional social power. Davis states that business is one of the two or three most powerful institutions in society at the present time, giving extra social responsibilities to the business would result in an excessive concentration of power which will reduce the viability of our free society. In addition, Davis believes that although some people want businesses to be more responsible and socially involved, some dont. This lack of agreement among the public may result in a lack of broad support for the businesses and thus social frictions and disagreements. Finally, one of the most relevant arguments given by Keith Davis is probably the fact that businessmen are not accountable to people, but only to their stockholders. It should therefore be unwise to give them responsibility in areas where they are not accountable! This idea of non-accountability of businessmen and managers is also used by Michael C. Jensen (2002). Jensen criticizes the stakeholder theory as stated by Freeman (1984), Clarkson Principles (1999) and others because it contains no conceptual specification of how to make the tradeoffs among stakeholders that must be made. This makes the theory damaging to firms and to social welfare. According to Freedman, as stated by Jensen (p. 254), The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ definition of stakeholder [is] any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of an organizations purpose. This includes shareholders, customers, employees, suppliers, but also the people who might be affected directly or indirectly by the companys business, through for example the damages to the environment, the layoffs, the corruption etc. Adopting the stakeholder theory brings businesses to be socially responsible. Jensen states that the managers who adopt this stakeholder theory will do what they want, spend the business money in social or other activities which are of no interest to the business or to the stakeholders, and will not be accountable for that. He thinks that the stakeholder theory must be inline with the long-term objective of value maximization. Only by keeping in mind that the value needs to be maximized that managers will find the good trade-offs between the different stakeholders. In a less extreme position than Freidman and the other authors cited above, Patrick Primeaux and John Stieber (1994), as well as Josie Fisher (2004) believe that social responsibility and long-term profit are not incompatible, and that being socially responsible could be converted into business opportunities. Orlitzky (2003), Russo and Fouts (1997) and Waddock and Graves (1997) (as cited by Husted and Salazar, 2006, p. 75) even found that corporate social performance has a positive impact on the firms financial performance! However, several different researches employed a variety of theories and methodologies to study the potential relationship between corporate social responsibility activities and other traditional measures of a firms success (Mahoney and Roberts, 2007). The results are confusing. Rim Makni, Claude Francoeur and Franà §ois Bellavance (2009) found in their study that socially responsible firms experience lower profits and reduced shareholder wealth, which in turn limits the socially responsible investments. Bryan W. Husted and Josà © de Jesus Salazar (2006) state on their side, that a business can not make maximum profit while investing in social responsibility activities. Rather, great overall social and financial output can be achieved only when businesses adopt a strategic approach, than an altruistic approach. Kant would have argued that even if the outcomes of such businesses actions might be beneficial to the society, the intention of those businesses is bad in the first place. As far as people are used as a means for those businesses to maximize their own profit, they are not ethical. All of the above are arguments that tend to support Freidmans theory, which in turn states that a business must concentrate on maximizing profit. The less extreme approaches suppose that it is possible to conciliate social activities and profit maximization, but the latter must remain the primary goal of any business. Keith Davis, in his call for a social responsibility of businesses, puts forward the arguments that acting socially would serve the long-run self-interest of the business, enhance the public image and the viability of the business, avoid any government regulation, serve the stockholders interest and prevent any future social problems, thus before all maximizing the long-term profit for the shareholders. The whole issue of ethics and business ethics is a complex one. Companies are made up of people. Multinationals are made up of many different nationalities. Several opponents to Freidmans theory do believe that businesses are part of society and as such they should reflect society norms. Companies, especially multinational ones, do have responsibilities in the world and have to be a positive influence. If a company is not ethical, then it will not survive as a company. Marjorie Kelly believes that maximizing profit and returns to shareholders isnt a legitimate mandate. Indeed, she argues that the shareholders are in effect not financing the public corporations. The money that a shareholder invests in a public company does not go to the company itself but rather to other speculators. Such investments go to the public corporation only when new common stock is sold, which is a rare event. Actually only the founders, entrepreneurs and initial investors are bearing the risk associated with a business. 99% of the money which is invested further on in those companies goes to the original investors and not to the company. So in effect, an established business is not getting any money from the shareholders, who are rather exchanging their stocks and gambling on several fields. They are thus not the legitimate owners or funders of the business which in turn does not have to care about their desires more than those of other stakeholders and the community in g eneral. Freidman, in his argumentation, states that only individuals in a business can have moral responsibility, but every business is made up of the decisions freely taken and approved collectively. The responsibility in such a decision process is thus not reduced to an individual, but rather it is a collective and shared responsibility among all the individuals who drive a business. As soon as the decisions are freely chosen and approved by the collection of individuals who run the business, they are all responsible for the outcomes of those decisions and are subject to moral evaluation. Furthermore, by seeking solely the profit maximization, some managers might allow or induce actions which may be illegal but are for sure immoral, like aggressive selling techniques or untrue publicity. They are, for this, acting in an immoral way and are responsible for that. Social responsibility refers to the obligations businesses have toward society. These are obligations that ought to be fulfilled; which indicates a normative use of the term (Josie Fisher, 2004). The author opposes to the classical economic view of Freidman and Levitt, the socioeconomic view that offers a broader account of social responsibility. Business has obligations that go beyond pursuing profits and include protecting and improving society. Boatright (2000), as cited by Fisher (2004, p.396), goes on to say that by implication businesses must be willing to forgo a certain measure of profit in order to achieve noneconomic ends. Backman, also cited by Fisher (2004, p396), identified some examples of corporate social responsibility: Employment of minority groups, reduction in pollution, greater participation in programs to improve the community, improved medical care, improved industrial health and safety. The social responsibility of a business is then to comply with the behaviours and norms that society expects business to follow. This focus on the socioeconomic view is a normative discourse, as it emphasizes how society believes business ought to behave. Several studies and researches have been conducted in the last decades on the business ethics and on how companies ought to behave. Those studies concentrate on three main subjects inherent to todays business: The globalization, the sustainability and the stakeholder theory presented earlier. Indeed, in recent times, multinational companies have grown rapidly and are yielding an excessive power. Those firms have also invaded multiple countries and cultures and are having an excessive economic and political power especially in smaller and poorer countries. They therefore are now responsible for their actions that might greatly impact such countries. Taking benefit of the poorness of local population to practice low wages or employ children is for sure a socially irresponsible action of those businesses. The second concept that has been studied in the recent ethics researches is sustainability. The sustainability is about the long-term effect of any business (or other) operation on any external factor like environment. As a matter of intergenerational equity, it is the businesses responsibility to consider the effects of their activities on the natural resources and the society and to repair any damages that can affect the future generations rights and equity. It is therefore the businesses responsibility to act sustainably. The third concept is the stakeholder theory, which has been presented earlier. The normative discourse of business ethics states that businesses ought to take into account the interests of all stakeholder groups. The different arguments presented so far range from those supporting Freidmans statement that any business social responsibility is to solely maximize the profits to the shareholders, those who support that a business can and has the duty to be socially responsible and try to advance the public good as far as this will have a beneficial impact on the long-run value and profits of the company, and finally those arguments supporting that any business ought to act socially, sustainably, invest in programmes that benefit the public interest, and be morally responsible for the outcomes of its operations. The supporters of this last view believe that businesses have to adapt their objectives, from solely financial, to a higher level which is all of the stakeholders, the public, the environment and the future generations interest. The latter arguments are therefore normative, and do provide a view about what business ought to be. This is the aim of the business ethics philosophy. From a more practical point of view, and considering how the companies are acting in todays world, it is true that many of them are advocates and practitioners of Corporate Social Responsibility. Many CEOs, especially in Europe, are convinced that basic capitalism fails to serve the public interest, and are promoting moral and socially responsible actions in their companies, like treating employees well, encouraging loyalty among customers and suppliers, avoiding any investment in unethical markets or countries that pay low wages and employ children, saving energy and recycling. However, no one doubts that this is not a standard yet. Social responsibility is not the norm today, and although some practitioners of Corporate Social Responsibility are getting some benefit, like a good public image, many of them are disadvantaged because of such social investments that some competitors do not support. Also, in the name of social responsibility, some multinational companies stopped their investments in poor countries where wages are very low. This is having a negative impact on those countries concerned that would have benefited from those investments. It is the aim of the business ethics discipline to study and propose what businesses ought to do and how they ought to behave. But I do think that it is the role of the governments to impose some basic moral principles and behaviours that must be respected by each and every business. Businessmen ought to behave morally but they will never all do so. A critical morality of moralities or a Metaethics has to be imposed by a higher institution governments- in order to guarantee the basis for equity. Conclusion In this work, different arguments for and against the 40-year old but still so famous statement of Milton Friedman that The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits have been presented and discussed. The normative discourse stating how business ought to behave is for sure morally and ethically against this statement and its arguments will sound both moral and logical for any mind. However, reality is far from the moral ideal. In my opinion, it is the governments responsibility to impose a minimum ethical code to be respected by businesses and individuals to guarantee the equity of rights and advance the public interest.